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victory at sea

  • 1 victory

    plural - victories; noun ((a) defeat of an enemy or rival: Our team has had two defeats and eight victories; At last they experienced the joy of victory.) seier
    seier
    --------
    triumf
    subst. \/ˈvɪkt(ə)rɪ\/
    seier
    gain a victory eller win a victory eller gain a victory over eller win a victory over seire, seire over, beseire
    Victory (romersk, antikken) Victoria, Viktoria (seiersgudinne)
    victory at sea sjøseier

    English-Norwegian dictionary > victory

  • 2 sea

    si:
    1. сущ.
    1) а) водная поверхность земного шара;
    море at sea ≈ в море beyond/over the sea(s) ≈ за морем;
    за море by seaморем by the sea ≈ у моря to sail the seas ≈ плавать по морю to put out to sea ≈ пускаться в плавание on the sea б) море, океан land-locked sea ≈ внутреннее (континентальное) море the Caspian SeaКаспийское море the Mediterranean seaСредиземное море high seas free sea four seas seven seas
    2) а) морская поверхность;
    движение верхних слоев морской воды б) волнение;
    волна head sea ≈ встречное волнение long rolling seasдлинные волны
    3) а) мореплавание, морское дело б) жизнь моряка to go to sea ≈ стать моряком to follow the seaбыть моряком
    4) перен. большое количество, большое пространство( чего-л.) The crowd was a sea of faces. ≈ Толпа состояла из моря лиц. ∙ at full sea ≈ в прилив to be all at sea ≈ не знать, что делать, недоумевать, быть в полной растерянности
    2. прил. морской sea airморской воздух sea transportморской транспорт sea dogморской волк водная поверхность земного шара;
    море, океан - open * открытое море - closed /enclosed, inland/ * внутреннее /закрытое/ море - victory upon the *s победа на море /в морском бою/ - the Mediterranean S. Средиземное море - at * в море, далеко от берега, в плавании - to be buried at * быть погребенным в море - by * морем - by * and land, by land and * на суше и на море - by the * у моря, на морском берегу - on the * по морю;
    на корабле;
    в плавании;
    на море, на морском берегу - boats sail on the * лодки плывут по морю - those in peril on the * те, кому угрожает опасность в море - Brighton is on the * Брайтон расположен на море - a town on the * приморский город - beyond /across, over/ the *(s) за море, за границу;
    в чужие края;
    за морем, за границей, в чужих краях - countries beyond the * заморские страны - out at *, on the high *s в открытом море - the high *s открытое море, море за пределами территориальных вод - an arm of the * морской рукав;
    узкий морской пролив - at the bottom of the * на дне моря - to jump into the * прыгать в море - to go (down) to the * поехать к морю - to put (out) to * выйти в море( о судне), пуститься в плавание - to be mistress of the *(s) господствовать на море, быть владычицей морей (о державе) - the * covers nearly three-fourths of the world's surface вода покрывает около трех четвертей поверхности земли (S. в названиях некоторых озер) море - the Aral S. Аральское море - the Dead S. Мертвое море - the S. of Galilee Галилейское море морская вода - animals which live in the * морские животные - chemical constituents of the * химический состав морской воды - salmon return from the * to fresh water to breed на нерест лосось идет из моря в пресные воды морское дело;
    флот - to serve at * служить во флоте - to take up the * as a career стать профессиональным моряком (особ. офицером флота) - to go to *, to take /to follow/ the * быть или стать моряком - he went to * at eighteen в восемнадцать лет он пошел во флот поверхность моря, морская гладь - the * is like a looking-glass /like a sheet of glass/ морская гладь подобна зеркалу - the * was smooth море было тихое волна, вал;
    волнение - heavy * бурное море - short * короткая волна - to run before the * уходить от волны - a * struck us нас захлестнула волна - to ship a * получить сильный удар волны, черпнуть воды - the *s went high море разбушевалось - a furious gale stirred up the * жестокий шторм поднял волнение - fifteen-foot *s battered against her hull волны высотой в 15 футов бились о корпус судна множество, масса, огромное количество, "море" - *s of blood море крови - waving *s of people бесчисленное множество людей, приветственно машущих руками - a * of troubles (Shakespeare) целое море бед (устаревшее) прилив - at full * во время прилива > at * в недоумении > to be (all) at * быть в полном недоумении, не знать, что делать, что сказать и т. п., зайти в тупик > I am quite at * я совсем запутался /растерялся/ > to have an opponent all at * сбить противника с толку > the four *s четыре моря, омывающие Великобританию > between the four *s в Великобритании > the seven *s северная и южная части Тихого океана, Северный Ледовитый океан, моря Антарктики и Индийский океан;
    мировой океан, все моря и океаны земного шара > to go gallivanting on the seven *s шляться по всему свету > brazen /molten/ * (библеизм) море, литое из меди (сосуд в храме Соломона) > to go by "long" * ехать пароходом > half *s over "под мухой", под хмельком;
    ему и море по колено > when the * gives up its dead когда море вернет всех погибших в нем (т.е. никогда) > between the devil and the deep * (пословица) между двух огней > there are as good fish in the * as ever came out of it всего много;
    хоть пруд пруди ~ уст. прилив;
    at full sea в прилив ~ море;
    at sea в море;
    beyond (или over) the sea(s) за морем;
    за море;
    by sea морем;
    by the sea у моря;
    to go to sea стать моряком sea: to be all at ~ не знать, что делать, недоумевать, быть в полной растерянности ~ море;
    at sea в море;
    beyond (или over) the sea(s) за морем;
    за море;
    by sea морем;
    by the sea у моря;
    to go to sea стать моряком ~ море;
    at sea в море;
    beyond (или over) the sea(s) за морем;
    за море;
    by sea морем;
    by the sea у моря;
    to go to sea стать моряком sea: by ~ морским путем ~ море;
    at sea в море;
    beyond (или over) the sea(s) за морем;
    за море;
    by sea морем;
    by the sea у моря;
    to go to sea стать моряком free ~ море, свободное для прохода кораблей всех стран;
    the four seas четыре моря, окружающие Великобританию free ~ море, свободное для прохода кораблей всех стран;
    the four seas четыре моря, окружающие Великобританию sea волнение (на море) ;
    волна;
    a high (или heavy, rolling) sea сильное волнение (на море) to follow the ~ быть моряком;
    the high seas море за пределами территориальных вод;
    открытое море seas: seas: high ~ открытое море sea: on the ~ в море on the ~ на морском берегу;
    to put out to sea пускаться в плавание open ~ открытое море on the ~ на морском берегу;
    to put out to sea пускаться в плавание sea волнение (на море) ;
    волна;
    a high (или heavy, rolling) sea сильное волнение (на море) ~ море;
    at sea в море;
    beyond (или over) the sea(s) за морем;
    за море;
    by sea морем;
    by the sea у моря;
    to go to sea стать моряком ~ огромное количество (чего-л.) ;
    a sea of troubles бесчисленные беды;
    a sea of flame море огня;
    seas of blood море крови ~ уст. прилив;
    at full sea в прилив Sea: Sea: Baltic ~ Балтийское море sea: sea: to be all at ~ не знать, что делать, недоумевать, быть в полной растерянности Sea: Sea: North ~ Северное море sea: sea: on the ~ в море ~ attr. морской, приморский;
    sea air морской воздух;
    when the sea gives up its dead когда море вернет всех погибших в нем (т. е. никогда) ~ attr. морской, приморский;
    sea air морской воздух;
    when the sea gives up its dead когда море вернет всех погибших в нем (т. е. никогда) ~ огромное количество (чего-л.) ;
    a sea of troubles бесчисленные беды;
    a sea of flame море огня;
    seas of blood море крови ~ огромное количество (чего-л.) ;
    a sea of troubles бесчисленные беды;
    a sea of flame море огня;
    seas of blood море крови a short ~ бурное море с короткими волнами;
    a sea struck us нас захлестнула волна ~ огромное количество (чего-л.) ;
    a sea of troubles бесчисленные беды;
    a sea of flame море огня;
    seas of blood море крови the seven ~s северная и южная части Атлантического океана, северная и южная части Тихого океана, Северный Ледовитый океан, моря Антарктики и Индийский океан shipment by ~ отправка морем a short ~ бурное море с короткими волнами;
    a sea struck us нас захлестнула волна there's as good fish in the ~ as ever came out of it не следует опасаться недостатка (чего-л.), всего предостаточно;
    = хоть пруд пруди ~ attr. морской, приморский;
    sea air морской воздух;
    when the sea gives up its dead когда море вернет всех погибших в нем (т. е. никогда)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > sea

  • 3 sea

    1. n водная поверхность земного шара; море, океан

    at sea — в море, далеко от берега, в плавании

    by sea and land, by land and seaморем и по суше

    by the sea — у моря, на морском берегу

    out at sea, on the high seasв открытом море

    the high seas — открытое море, море за пределами территориальных вод

    2. n море
    3. n морская вода

    sea damage — повреждение морской водой; повреждение в море

    sea salt — морская соль; поваренная соль из морской воды

    4. n морское дело; флот
    5. n поверхность моря, морская гладь
    6. n часто волна, вал; волнение

    to ship a sea — получить сильный удар волны, черпнуть воды

    7. n множество, масса, огромное количество, «море»
    8. n арх. прилив

    the four seas — четыре моря, омывающие Великобританию

    brazen sea — море, литое из меди

    half seas over — «под мухой», под хмельком;

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. ocean (noun) blue; brine; deep; drink; Gulf of Mexico; main; mar; mer; ocean; the Atlantic; the north sea; the pacific
    2. wave (noun) billow; breaker; roller; surf; swell; tidal wave; tsunami; wave

    English-Russian base dictionary > sea

  • 4 sea

    [si:] n
    1. 1) водная поверхность земного шара; море, океан

    closed /enclosed, inland/ sea - внутреннее /закрытое/ море

    victory upon the seas - победа на море /в морском бою/

    the Mediterranean [the Black] Sea - Средиземное [Чёрное] море

    at sea - в море, далеко от берега, в плавании [ср. тж. ]

    by sea and land, by land and sea - морем и по суше

    by the sea - у моря, на морском берегу

    on the sea - а) по морю; boats sail on the sea - лодки плывут по морю; б) на корабле; в плавании; those in peril on the sea - те, кому угрожает опасность в море; в) на море, на морском берегу

    beyond /across, over/ the sea(s) - а) за море, за границу; в чужие края; б) за морем, за границей, в чужих краях

    out at sea, on the high seas - в открытом море

    the high seas - открытое море, море за пределами территориальных вод

    an arm of the sea = sea-arm

    to put (out) to sea - выйти в море ( о судне), пуститься в плавание

    to be mistress of the sea(s) - господствовать на море, быть владычицей морей ( о державе)

    the sea covers nearly three-fourths of the world's surface - вода покрывает около трёх четвертей поверхности земли

    3) морская вода

    animals [plants] which live in the sea - морские животные [растения]

    salmon return from the sea to fresh water to breed - на нерест лосось идёт из моря в пресные воды

    4) морское дело; флот

    to go to sea to take /to follow/ the sea - быть или стать моряком

    2. 1) поверхность моря, морская гладь

    the sea is like a looking-glass /like a sheet of glass/ - морская гладь подобна зеркалу

    the sea was smooth [calm, rough, stormy] - море было тихое [спокойное, бурное, штормовое]

    2) часто pl волна, вал; волнение

    short [long] sea - короткая [длинная] волна

    to ship a sea - получить сильный удар волны, черпнуть воды

    fifteen-foot seas battered against her hull - волны высотой в 15 футов бились о корпус судна

    3. множество, масса, огромное количество, «море»

    seas of blood [of faces] - море крови [лиц]

    waving seas of people - бесчисленное множество людей, приветственно машущих руками

    a sea of troubles ( Shakespeare) - целое море бед

    4. арх. прилив

    at sea - в недоумении

    to be (all) at sea - быть в полном недоумении, не знать, что делать, что сказать и т. п., зайти в тупик [ср. тж. 1, 1)]

    I am quite at sea - я совсем запутался /растерялся/

    the four seas - четыре моря, омывающие Великобританию

    the seven seas - а) северная и южная части Тихого океана, Северный Ледовитый океан, моря Антарктики и Индийский океан; to go gallivanting on the seven seas - шутл. шляться по всему свету; б) мировой океан, все моря и океаны земного шара

    brazen /molten/ sea - библ. море, литое из меди ( сосуд в храме Соломона)

    to go by ❝long sea❞ - ехать пароходом

    half seas over - «под мухой», под хмельком; ≅ (ему) и море по колено

    between the devil and the deep sea - посл. ≅ между двух огней

    there are as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it - всего много; ≅ хоть пруд пруди

    НБАРС > sea

  • 5 win

    1. transitive verb,
    -nn-, won
    1) gewinnen; bekommen [Stipendium, Auftrag, Vertrag, Recht]; ernten [Beifall, Dank]

    win the long jump — im Weitsprung gewinnen

    win an argument/debate — aus einem Streit/einer Debatte als Sieger hervorgehen

    win a reputation [for oneself] — sich (Dat.) einen Ruf erwerben od. einen Namen machen

    win something from or off somebody — jemandem etwas abnehmen

    you win some, you lose some — (coll.) man kann nicht immer Glück haben

    2) (coll.): (steal) organisieren (ugs.)
    3)

    win one's way into somebody's heart/affections — jemandes Herz/Zuneigung gewinnen

    2. intransitive verb,
    -nn-, won gewinnen; (in battle) siegen

    you win(have defeated me) du hast gewonnen (ugs.)

    win or losewie es auch ausgeht/ausgehen würde

    you can't win(coll.) da hat man keine Chance (ugs.)

    3. noun
    Sieg, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/93784/win_back">win back
    * * *
    [win] 1. present participle - winning; verb
    1) (to obtain (a victory) in a contest; to succeed in coming first in (a contest), usually by one's own efforts: He won a fine victory in the election; Who won the war/match?; He won the bet; He won ( the race) in a fast time / by a clear five metres.) gewinnen
    2) (to obtain (a prize) in a competition etc, usually by luck: to win first prize; I won $5 in the crossword competition.) gewinnen
    3) (to obtain by one's own efforts: He won her respect over a number of years.) gewinnen
    2. noun
    (a victory or success: She's had two wins in four races.) der Sieg
    - winner
    - winning
    - winning-post
    - win over
    - win the day
    - win through
    * * *
    [wɪn]
    I. vt
    <won, won>
    1. (be victorious)
    to \win sth etw gewinnen
    to \win a battle/war eine Schlacht/einen Krieg gewinnen
    to \win a case/lawsuit einen Fall/eine Klage gewinnen
    to \win the day ( fig) einen Sieg davontragen
    to \win a debate aus einer Debatte als Sieger(in) m(f) hervorgehen
    to \win an election eine Wahl gewinnen
    to \win a seat ein Mandat gewinnen
    to \win a victory einen Sieg erringen
    to \win sth etw gewinnen [o bekommen]
    to \win sb's approval (appreciation) jds Anerkennung finden; (consent) jds Zustimmung finden
    to \win fame berühmt werden
    to \win sb's heart/love jds Herz/Liebe gewinnen
    to \win people's hearts die Menschen für sich akk gewinnen
    to \win popularity sich akk beliebt machen
    to \win promotion befördert werden
    to \win recognition Anerkennung finden
    to \win a reputation as sb sich dat einen Namen als jd machen
    to \win a scholarship to Oxford ein Stipendium für Oxford bekommen
    to \win sb's support jds Unterstützung gewinnen
    to \win sb/sth sth [or sth for sb] jdm/etw etw einbringen
    to \win sth off sb ( fam) jdm etw abnehmen [o fam abknöpfen]
    she won £10 off me at poker sie hat mir beim Poker 10 Pfund abgeknöpft fam
    3. (extract)
    to \win sth ore, coal etw abbauen
    to \win oil Öl gewinnen
    4.
    you can't \win them all ( saying) man kann nicht immer Glück haben
    [you] \win some, [you] lose some ( saying) mal gewinnt man, mal verliert man
    to \win one's spurs sich dat die Sporen verdienen
    II. vi
    <won, won>
    gewinnen
    they were \winning at half time sie lagen zur Halbzeit vorn
    you [just] can't \win! da hat man keine Chance!
    OK, you \win! okay, du hast gewonnen!
    to \win by three goals to two drei zu zwei gewinnen
    to \win by two lengths/a handsome majority mit zwei Längen [Vorsprung]/einer stattlichen Mehrheit gewinnen
    to \win easily [or ( fam) hands down] spielend gewinnen
    \win or lose,... ( also fig) [ob] gewonnen oder verloren,..., wie es auch ausgeht,...
    may the best man \win dem Besten der Sieg, der Beste möge gewinnen
    III. n Sieg m
    away/home \win Auswärts-/Heimsieg m
    to have a \win bet gewinnen; money einen Gewinn machen
    * * *
    [wɪn] vb: pret, ptp won
    1. n
    Sieg m

    to back a horse for a winauf den Sieg eines Pferdes setzen

    to have a win (money) — einen Gewinn machen; (victory) einen Sieg erzielen

    2. vt
    1) race, prize, battle, election, money, bet, sympathy, support, friends, glory gewinnen; reputation erwerben; scholarship, contract bekommen; victory erringen

    to win sb's heart/love/hand — jds Herz/Liebe/Hand gewinnen

    he tried to win herer versuchte, sie für sich zu gewinnen

    sb — jdm etw abgewinnen

    2) (= obtain, extract) gewinnen

    land won from the seadem Meer abgewonnenes Land

    3) (liter: reach with effort) shore, summit erreichen
    3. vi
    1) (in race, election, argument etc) gewinnen, siegen

    OK, you win, I was wrong — okay, du hast gewonnen, ich habe mich geirrt

    whatever I do, I just can't win — egal, was ich mache, ich machs immer falsch

    2) (liter)

    to win free — sich freikämpfen, sich befreien

    * * *
    win [wın]
    A v/i prät und pperf won [wʌn]
    1. gewinnen ( at chess beim oder im Schach), siegen:
    win by 40 yards from mit 40 Yards Vorsprung gewinnen vor (dat);
    which team is winning? welche Mannschaft führt?;
    they are winning by 2-1 sie führen 2:1;
    win out umg sich durchsetzen ( over gegen)
    2. gelangen:
    win in (out, back) hinein-(hinaus-, zurück)gelangen;
    a) durchkommen, sich durchkämpfen ( beide:
    to zu),
    b) ans Ziel gelangen (a. fig),
    c) fig sich durchsetzen;
    win loose ( oder free, clear) sich frei machen
    3. win on Einfluss gewinnen auf (akk) oder über (akk)
    B v/t
    1. ein Vermögen etc erwerben:
    win fame sich Ruhm erwerben;
    win hono(u)r zu Ehren gelangen;
    win praise Lob ernten; fame 1
    2. jemandem Lob einbringen oder eintragen
    3. eine Schlacht etc gewinnen:
    he won the race from er gewann das Rennen vor (dat)
    4. einen Preis etc gewinnen, einen Sieg erringen:
    point won Pluspunkt m;
    win £3 from ( oder off) sb jemandem 3 Pfund abgewinnen, von jemandem 3 Pfund gewinnen;
    win one’s way seinen Weg machen; day Bes Redew, field A 7, spur A 1, trick A 7
    5. sein Brot, seinen Lebensunterhalt verdienen
    6. die Küste etc erreichen, gelangen zu
    7. einen Freund, jemandes Liebe etc gewinnen
    a) jemanden für sich gewinnen, auf seine Seite ziehen, engS. jemandes Herz erobern:
    win sb over to a project jemanden für ein Vorhaben gewinnen
    b) jemanden rumkriegen
    9. win sb to do sth jemanden dazu bringen, etwas zu tun
    10. Bergbau:
    a) Erz, Kohle etc gewinnen
    b) ein Abbaugebiet erschließen
    C s
    a) besonders SPORT Sieg m
    b) Gewinn m:
    have a win einen Sieg erzielen; einen Gewinn machen; pool2 A 2
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,
    -nn-, won
    1) gewinnen; bekommen [Stipendium, Auftrag, Vertrag, Recht]; ernten [Beifall, Dank]

    win an argument/debate — aus einem Streit/einer Debatte als Sieger hervorgehen

    win a reputation [for oneself] — sich (Dat.) einen Ruf erwerben od. einen Namen machen

    win something from or off somebody — jemandem etwas abnehmen

    you win some, you lose some — (coll.) man kann nicht immer Glück haben

    2) (coll.): (steal) organisieren (ugs.)
    3)

    win one's way into somebody's heart/affections — jemandes Herz/Zuneigung gewinnen

    2. intransitive verb,
    -nn-, won gewinnen; (in battle) siegen

    you win (have defeated me) du hast gewonnen (ugs.)

    win or lose — wie es auch ausgeht/ausgehen würde

    you can't win(coll.) da hat man keine Chance (ugs.)

    3. noun
    Sieg, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: won)
    = erlangen v.
    siegen v. v
    gewinnen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: gewann, gewonnen)

    English-german dictionary > win

  • 6 land

    [lænd] 1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) land
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) land
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) jord
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) land; jord
    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) lande
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) lande; fange
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospital/trouble!) ende; havne

    [-rouvə]

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.) terrængående køretøj

    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies
    * * *
    [lænd] 1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) land
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) land
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) jord
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) land; jord
    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) lande
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) lande; fange
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospital/trouble!) ende; havne

    [-rouvə]

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.) terrængående køretøj

    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies

    English-Danish dictionary > land

  • 7 put

    put
    present participle - putting; verb
    1) (to place in a certain position or situation: He put the plate in the cupboard; Did you put any sugar in my coffee?; He put his arm round her; I'm putting a new lock on the door; You're putting too much strain on that rope; When did the Russians first put a man into space?; You've put me in a bad temper; Can you put (=translate) this sentence into French?) poner, colocar
    2) (to submit or present (a proposal, question etc): I put several questions to him; She put her ideas before the committee.) presentar
    3) (to express in words: He put his refusal very politely; Children sometimes have such a funny way of putting things!) expresar
    4) (to write down: I'm trying to write a letter to her, but I don't know what to put.) poner; escribir
    5) (to sail in a particular direction: We put out to sea; The ship put into harbour for repairs.) echar al mar
    - a put-up job
    - put about
    - put across/over
    - put aside
    - put away
    - put back
    - put by
    - put down
    - put down for
    - put one's feet up
    - put forth
    - put in
    - put in for
    - put off
    - put on
    - put out
    - put through
    - put together
    - put up
    - put up to
    - put up with

    put vb
    1. poner / colocar
    2. meter
    tr[pʊt]
    transitive verb (pt & pp put, ger putting)
    1 (gen) poner; (place) colocar; (add) echar, añadir; (place inside) meter, poner
    where did you put the matches? ¿dónde has puesto las cerillas?
    2 (write, mark) poner, apuntar, escribir
    what did you put for number six? ¿qué pusiste en el número seis?
    what's put you in such a bad mood ¿qué te ha puesto de tan mal humor?
    4 (rate, classify) poner
    5 (express) expresar, decir
    how shall I put it? ¿cómo te lo diría?
    6 (calculate, estimate) calcular
    7 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (shot) lanzar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be hard put to do something serle difícil a uno hacer algo
    to not know where to put oneself no saber dónde ponerse, no saber dónde esconderse
    to put an end to something acabar con algo, poner fin a algo
    to not put it past somebody (to do something) creer a alguien muy capaz (de hacer algo)
    to put one over on somebody engañar a alguien
    to put paid to something estropear algo
    to put something right arreglar algo
    to put somebody on the train, plane, etc acompañar a alguien al tren, al avión, etc
    to put somebody to bed acostar a alguien
    to put somebody to death ejecutar a alguien
    to put somebody up to something incitar a alguien a hacer algo
    to put something to good use hacer buen uso de algo
    to put the blame on somebody echar la culpa a alguien
    to put something up for sale poner algo en venta
    to stay put quedarse quieto,-a
    put ['pʊt] v, put ; putting vt
    1) place: poner, colocar
    put it on the table: ponlo en la mesa
    2) insert: meter
    it put her in a good mood: la puso de buen humor
    to put into effect: poner en práctica
    4) impose: imponer
    they put a tax on it: lo gravaron con un impuesto
    5) subject: someter, poner
    to put to the test: poner a prueba
    to put to death: ejecutar
    6) express: expresar, decir
    he put it simply: lo dijo sencillamente
    7) apply: aplicar
    to put one's mind to something: proponerse hacer algo
    8) set: poner
    I put him to work: lo puse a trabajar
    9) attach: dar
    to put a high value on: dar gran valor a
    10) present: presentar, exponer
    to put a question to someone: hacer una pregunta a alguien
    put vi
    1)
    to put to sea : hacerse a la mar
    2)
    to put up with : aguantar, soportar
    adj.
    puesto, -a adj.
    pret., p.p.
    (Preterito definido y participio pasivo de "to put")
    colocar v.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: put) = lanzar v.
    meter v.
    poner v.
    (§pres: pongo, pones...) pret: pus-
    pp: puesto
    fut/c: pondr-•)
    situar v.
    pʊt
    1.
    1) (pres p putting; past & past p put) transitive verb
    2)
    a) ( place) poner*; (with care, precision etc) colocar*, poner*; ( inside something) meter, poner*

    to put something in the oven — poner* or meter algo en el horno

    did you put salt in it? — ¿le pusiste or le echaste sal?

    I put myself on the listme apunté or me puse en la lista

    not to know where to put oneself o (AmE also) one's face (colloq) — no saber* dónde ponerse or meterse

    b) (install, fit) poner*
    3)
    a) ( thrust)

    she put her head around the door/out of the window — asomó la cabeza por la puerta/por la ventana

    b) (send, propel)
    c) ( Sport)

    to put the shot — lanzar* el peso

    4)
    a) ( rank) poner*

    to put something above/before something: I put honesty above all other virtues para mí la honestidad está por encima de todas las demás virtudes or por encima de todo; he puts his art before everything else — antepone su arte a todo

    b) (in competition, league)

    this victory puts them in o into the lead — con esta victoria pasan a ocupar la delantera

    c) ( estimate)

    to put something at something: I'd put the figure at closer to $40,000 — yo diría que la cifra es más cercana a los 40.000 dólares

    5) ( cause to be) poner*

    to put something to good use\<\<time/ability/object\>\> hacer* buen uso de algo

    6) (make undergo, cause to do)

    to put somebody to something: I don't want to put you to any trouble no quiero causarle ninguna molestia; I put her to work — la puse a trabajar; death, shame I 1), test I 1) b) etc

    7)
    a) (attribute, assign)

    to put something on something: I couldn't put a price on it no sabría decir cuánto vale; I put a high value on our friendship — valoro mucho nuestra amistad

    b) ( impose)

    to put something on something/somebody: they put a special duty on these goods gravaron estos artículos con un impuesto especial; to put the blame on somebody echarle la culpa a algn, culpar a algn; it put a great strain on their relationship — eso sometió su relación a una gran tensión

    8)
    a) (instill, infect)

    to put something in(to) something: who put that idea into your head? — ¿quién te metió esa idea en la cabeza?

    to put something in(to) something: the fresh air put some color into his cheeks — el aire fresco les dio un poco de color a sus mejillas

    9)
    a) ( invest)

    to put something into something\<\<money\>\> invertir* algo en algo

    b) (bet, stake)

    to put something on something\<\<money\>\> apostar* or jugarse* algo a algo

    to put something toward something — contribuir* con algo a algo, poner* algo para algo

    10) (fix, repose)

    to put something in something/somebody: I put my trust in you puse or (liter) deposité mi confianza en ti; I don't put much faith in conventional medicine — no le tengo mucha fe a la medicina convencional

    11) ( present) \<\<views/case\>\> exponer*, presentar; \<\<proposal\>\> presentar

    to put something to somebody: to put a question to somebody hacerle* una pregunta a algn; the employers' offer will be put to a mass meeting la oferta de la patronal será sometida a votación en una asamblea; I put it to you that... — (frml) mi opinión es que...

    12) (write, indicate, mark) poner*

    what shall I put? — ¿qué pongo?

    13) ( express) decir*

    (let me) put it this way: I wouldn't invite him again — te digo lo siguiente: no lo volvería a invitar

    to put something well/badly — expresar algo bien/mal


    2.
    put vi ( Naut)

    to put to sea — hacerse* a la mar, zarpar

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [pʊt] (pt, pp put)
    1. TRANSITIVE VERB
    For set combinations consisting of put + noun, eg put a price on, put a strain on, put an end to, put at risk, put out of business, put in touch with look up the noun. For put + adverb/preposition combinations, see also phrasal verbs.
    1) (=place, thrust)
    a) (physically) poner; (with precision) colocar; (=insert) meter, introducir more frm; (=leave) dejar

    I put a serviette by each plate — puse or coloqué una servilleta junto a cada plato

    put it in the drawer — ponlo en el cajón

    she put the chairs in a circlepuso or colocó las sillas en círculo

    shall I put milk in your coffee? — ¿te pongo leche en el café?

    he put a coin in the slotpuso or metió or more frm introdujo una moneda en la ranura

    you should put your money in a bankdeberías poner or more frm depositar el dinero en un banco

    I put a sheet of paper into the typewriter — puse or coloqué una hoja de papel en la máquina de escribir

    he put his keys on the table — puso or dejó las llaves en la mesa

    I put some more coal on the firepuse or eché más carbón en el fuego

    she put her head on my shoulderapoyó or recostó la cabeza en mi hombro

    she put her head out of the window — asomó la cabeza por la ventana

    he put his hand over his mouth — se tapó la boca con la mano, se puso la mano en la boca

    he put his head round the door — asomó la cabeza por la puerta

    put it there! * (handshake) ¡chócala! *

    I put my fist through the window — rompí la ventana con el puño

    he put the shell to his ear — se puso or se acercó la concha al oído

    bed 1., 1), flight II, stay I, 1., 1), a) Some put + noun combinations require a more specific Spanish verb. For very set combinations look up the noun.

    the syllabus puts a lot of emphasis on languages — el programa (de estudios) hace or pone mucho énfasis en los idiomas

    I wouldn't put any faith in what he says — yo no creería lo que dice, yo no tendría ninguna confianza en lo que dice

    you can put that idea out of your head — ya te puedes quitar esa idea de la cabeza

    this puts the responsibility on drivers to be aware of the law — esto responsabiliza a los conductores de estar enterados de la ley

    blame 1., figure 1., 6), trust 1., 1), tax 1., 1)
    2) (=cause to be) poner

    to put sb in a good/bad mood — poner a algn de buen/mal humor

    this puts me in a very awkward positionesto me pone or deja en una situación muy difícil

    his win today puts him in second place overallla victoria de hoy le pone or coloca en segunda posición en la clasificación general

    to put sb on a diet — poner a algn a dieta or a régimen

    3) (=cause to undertake)

    to put sb to sth: it put us to a lot of extra expensenos supuso muchos gastos adicionales

    I don't want to put you to any troubleno quiero causarte ninguna molestia

    she put him to work immediately — lo puso a trabajar en seguida

    4) (=express) decir

    I don't quite know how to put this — la verdad, no sé cómo decir esto

    as Shakespeare puts it — como dice Shakespeare

    to put it bluntly — para decirlo claramente, hablando en plata *

    I find it hard to put into words — me resulta difícil expresarlo con palabras

    how shall I put it? — ¿cómo lo diría?

    let me put it this way... — digámoslo de esta manera..., por decirlo de alguna manera...

    to put it another way, it'll save you three hours — por decirlo de otra manera, te ahorrará tres horas

    5) (=write) poner, escribir

    what do you want me to put? — ¿qué quieres que ponga or escriba?

    put your name at the top of the paperponga or escriba su nombre en la parte superior del papel

    put the title in capital letterspon or escribe el título en letras mayúsculas

    I've put you on the waiting list — le he puesto en la lista de espera

    put it on my account — (Comm) cárguelo a mi cuenta

    he put a line through the offending paragraph — tachó el párrafo controvertido

    to put one's signature to sth — firmar algo

    6) (=invest) invertir

    to put money into a company — invertir dinero en una compañía

    I've put a lot of time and effort into this — he invertido un montón de tiempo y esfuerzo en esto, le he dedicado a esto mucho tiempo y esfuerzo

    "I'm not getting much out of this course" - "well, you're not putting much into it, are you?" — -no estoy sacando mucho de este curso -tampoco es que te estés esforzando mucho, ¿no?

    7) (=contribute)

    to put sth towards sth — contribuir (con) algo hacia algo

    I'm going to put the money towards a holidayvoy a poner or guardar el dinero para unas vacaciones

    8) (=expound, submit) [+ views] expresar, exponer

    he puts the case for a change in the lawplantea or expone argumentos a favor de un cambio en la ley

    she puts a convincing casepresenta or da argumentos convincentes

    the proposal was put before Parliament — la propuesta se presentó ante el parlamento

    to put sth to sb, how will you put it to him? — ¿cómo se lo vas a decir or comunicar?

    I put it to you that... — les sugiero que...

    9) (=estimate)

    they put the loss at around £50,000 — calcularon or valoraron las pérdidas en unas 50.000 libras

    his fortune is put at 3 billionse calcula or valora su fortuna en 3 billones

    the number of dead was put at 6,000 — se calculó or estimó el número de muertos en 6.000

    some put the figure as high as 20,000 — algunos estiman que la cifra llega hasta 20.000

    10) (=rank)

    he put himself above the law — creía estar por encima de la ley

    I wouldn't put him among the greatest poets — yo no le pondría entre los más grandes poetas

    we should never put money before happiness — no deberíamos nunca anteponer el dinero a la felicidad

    she has always put her career firstpara ella su carrera siempre ha sido lo primero

    11) (=set)

    she put my brother against me — puso a mi hermano en contra mía

    to put a watch to the right time — poner un reloj en hora

    12) (=throw)

    to put the shot — (Sport) lanzar el peso

    13) (St Ex) (=offer to sell) [+ stock, security] declararse vendedor de
    14) (=bet)
    see put on
    2.
    INTRANSITIVE VERB
    (Naut)

    to put into port — entrar a puerto

    to put to sea — hacerse a la mar

    3.
    COMPOUND

    put option N — (St Ex) opción f de venta a precio fijado

    * * *
    [pʊt]
    1.
    1) (pres p putting; past & past p put) transitive verb
    2)
    a) ( place) poner*; (with care, precision etc) colocar*, poner*; ( inside something) meter, poner*

    to put something in the oven — poner* or meter algo en el horno

    did you put salt in it? — ¿le pusiste or le echaste sal?

    I put myself on the listme apunté or me puse en la lista

    not to know where to put oneself o (AmE also) one's face (colloq) — no saber* dónde ponerse or meterse

    b) (install, fit) poner*
    3)
    a) ( thrust)

    she put her head around the door/out of the window — asomó la cabeza por la puerta/por la ventana

    b) (send, propel)
    c) ( Sport)

    to put the shot — lanzar* el peso

    4)
    a) ( rank) poner*

    to put something above/before something: I put honesty above all other virtues para mí la honestidad está por encima de todas las demás virtudes or por encima de todo; he puts his art before everything else — antepone su arte a todo

    b) (in competition, league)

    this victory puts them in o into the lead — con esta victoria pasan a ocupar la delantera

    c) ( estimate)

    to put something at something: I'd put the figure at closer to $40,000 — yo diría que la cifra es más cercana a los 40.000 dólares

    5) ( cause to be) poner*

    to put something to good use\<\<time/ability/object\>\> hacer* buen uso de algo

    6) (make undergo, cause to do)

    to put somebody to something: I don't want to put you to any trouble no quiero causarle ninguna molestia; I put her to work — la puse a trabajar; death, shame I 1), test I 1) b) etc

    7)
    a) (attribute, assign)

    to put something on something: I couldn't put a price on it no sabría decir cuánto vale; I put a high value on our friendship — valoro mucho nuestra amistad

    b) ( impose)

    to put something on something/somebody: they put a special duty on these goods gravaron estos artículos con un impuesto especial; to put the blame on somebody echarle la culpa a algn, culpar a algn; it put a great strain on their relationship — eso sometió su relación a una gran tensión

    8)
    a) (instill, infect)

    to put something in(to) something: who put that idea into your head? — ¿quién te metió esa idea en la cabeza?

    to put something in(to) something: the fresh air put some color into his cheeks — el aire fresco les dio un poco de color a sus mejillas

    9)
    a) ( invest)

    to put something into something\<\<money\>\> invertir* algo en algo

    b) (bet, stake)

    to put something on something\<\<money\>\> apostar* or jugarse* algo a algo

    to put something toward something — contribuir* con algo a algo, poner* algo para algo

    10) (fix, repose)

    to put something in something/somebody: I put my trust in you puse or (liter) deposité mi confianza en ti; I don't put much faith in conventional medicine — no le tengo mucha fe a la medicina convencional

    11) ( present) \<\<views/case\>\> exponer*, presentar; \<\<proposal\>\> presentar

    to put something to somebody: to put a question to somebody hacerle* una pregunta a algn; the employers' offer will be put to a mass meeting la oferta de la patronal será sometida a votación en una asamblea; I put it to you that... — (frml) mi opinión es que...

    12) (write, indicate, mark) poner*

    what shall I put? — ¿qué pongo?

    13) ( express) decir*

    (let me) put it this way: I wouldn't invite him again — te digo lo siguiente: no lo volvería a invitar

    to put something well/badly — expresar algo bien/mal


    2.
    put vi ( Naut)

    to put to sea — hacerse* a la mar, zarpar

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > put

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 land

    lænd
    1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) tierra
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) tierra
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) terreno, tierras
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) tierras

    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) aterrizar
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) desembarcar
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospitalouble!) acabar; ir a parar

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.)

    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies

    land1 n tierra
    land2 vb aterrizar / tomar tierra
    tr[lænd]
    1 (gen) tierra
    2 (soil) suelo, tierra
    3 (country, region) tierra
    1 (plane etc) aterrizar, tomar tierra; (bird) posarse
    2 (disembark) desembarcar
    3 (fall) caer
    1 (plane etc) hacer aterrizar
    2 (disembark) desembarcar; (unload) descargar
    3 (fish) sacar del agua
    4 familiar (get) conseguir
    5 familiar (hit) asestar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    land ahoy! ¡tierra a la vista!
    the land of milk and honey la tierra de la leche y la miel
    to be in the land of the living estar entre los vivos
    to get landed with something familiar (tener que) cargar con algo
    to land on one's feet caer de pies
    to make a living from the land vivir de la tierra
    to make land llegar a tierra
    to see how the land lies tantear el terreno
    farm land tierras nombre femenino plural de cultivo
    land agent SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL encargado,-a de una granja, cortijero,-a
    land forces SMALLMILITARY/SMALL ejército de tierra
    land mass masa continental
    land reform reforma agraria
    land register registro de la propiedad
    native land tierra natal, patria
    land ['lænd] vt
    1) : desembarcar (pasajeros de un barco), hacer aterrizar (un avión)
    2) catch: pescar, sacar (un pez) del agua
    3) gain, secure: conseguir, ganar
    to land a job: conseguir empleo
    4) deliver: dar, asestar
    he landed a punch: asestó un puñetazo
    land vi
    1) : aterrizar, tomar tierra, atracar
    the plane just landed: el avión acaba de aterrizar
    the ship landed an hour ago: el barco atracó hace una hora
    2) alight: posarse, aterrizar
    to land on one's feet: caer de pie
    land n
    1) ground: tierra f
    dry land: tierra firme
    2) terrain: terreno m
    3) nation: país m, nación f
    4) domain: mundo m, dominio m
    the land of dreams: el mundo de los sueños
    adj.
    agrario, -a adj.
    terrestre adj.
    n.
    país s.m.
    suelo s.m.
    terreno s.m.
    tierra s.f.
    v.
    aterrar v.
    aterrizar (Aeronáutica) v.
    desembarcar v.
    lænd
    I
    1) u
    a) ( Geog) tierra f

    to know the lie o lay of the land — saber* qué terreno se pisa

    to see how the land liestantear el terreno

    to spy out the landreconocer* el terreno; (before n) <animal, defenses> de tierra, terrestre

    land forcesfuerzas fpl terrestres or de tierra

    b) (ground, property) tierra f

    a plot of land — un terreno, una parcela; (before n)

    land registryregistro m catastral, catastro m

    land reformreforma f agraria

    c) ( Agr)
    2) c (country, realm) (liter) país m, nación f; ( kingdom) reino m

    to be in the land of Nod — estar* dormido

    to be in the land of the living — (hum) estar* vivito y coleando (hum)


    II
    1.
    1)
    a) (Aerosp, Aviat) \<\<aircraft/spaceship/pilot\>\> aterrizar*; ( on the moon) alunizar*; ( on water) acuatizar*; ( on sea) amarizar*, amerizar*, amarar
    b) ( fall) caer*
    2) (arrive, end up) (colloq) ir* a parar (fam)
    3) ( Naut) \<\<ship\>\> atracar*; \<\<traveleroops\>\> desembarcar*

    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( from sea) \<\<passengersoops\>\> desembarcar*; \<\<cargo\>\> descargar*
    b) ( from air) \<\<plane\>\> hacer* aterrizar; \<\<troops\>\> desembarcar*; \<\<supplies\>\> descargar*
    2)
    a) ( in fishing) \<\<fish\>\> sacar* del agua
    b) (win, obtain) \<\<contract\>\> conseguir*; \<\<job/husband\>\> conseguir*, pescar* (fam)
    c) ( strike home) (colloq) \<\<punch\>\> asestar (fam)
    3) ( burden) (colloq)

    to land somebody WITH something/somebody, to land something/somebody ON somebody — endilgarle* or encajarle algo/a alguien a alguien (fam)

    4) ( cause to end up) (colloq)

    to land somebody IN something: that venture landed her in prison con aquel negocio fue a parar a la cárcel (fam); to land somebody/oneself in trouble — meter a alguien/meterse en problemas (fam)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [lænd]
    1. N
    1) (=not sea) tierra f

    land ho, land ahoy! — ¡tierra a la vista!

    to goavel by land — ir/viajar por tierra

    dry land — tierra f firme

    to make land — (Naut) tomar tierra

    there was action at sea, on land, and in the air — se combatió en mar, tierra y aire

    to sight land — divisar tierra

    2) (Agr, Constr) (=ground) tierra f, tierras fpl

    agricultural land — tierra(s) f(pl) agrícola(s), terreno m agrícola

    grazing land — tierra(s) f(pl) de pastoreo, tierra(s) f(pl) para pastos

    the lay or lie of the land — (lit) la configuración del terreno

    a piece/ plot of land — un terreno, una parcela

    the land — (Agr) la tierra

    to work on the landtrabajar or cultivar la tierra

    - see how the land lies
    arable 1.
    3) (=property) tierras fpl

    get off my land! — ¡fuera de mis tierras!

    4) (Geog) (=region)

    desert/ equatorial/ temperate lands — tierras fpl desérticas/ecuatoriales/templadas

    5) (=nation, country) país m

    a land of opportunity/contrasts — un país de oportunidades/contrastes

    - be in the land of the living
    - be in the Land of Nod
    fantasy, native 3., promise 2., 1)
    2. VI
    1) (after flight) [plane] aterrizar; (on water) amerizar, amarizar; (on moon) alunizar

    to land on sth — [bird, insect] posarse en algo

    2) (from boat) [passenger] desembarcar
    3) (after fall, jump, throw) caer

    to land on one's feet — (lit) caer de pie; (fig) salir adelante

    4) * (also: land up) (in prison, hospital) ir a parar * (in a); acabar (in en)

    he landed in hospitalfue a parar al hospital *, acabó en el hospital

    3. VT
    1) (=disembark, unload) [+ passengers] desembarcar; [+ cargo] descargar
    2) (=bring down) [+ plane] hacer aterrizar
    3) (=catch) [+ fish] pescar, conseguir pescar; (fig) [+ job, contract] conseguir; [+ prize] obtener
    4) *
    a) (=put, dump)

    to land a blow on sb's chin, land sb a blow on the chin — asestar a algn un golpe en la barbilla

    they landed the children on me — me endilgaron or endosaron a los niños *

    b)

    to land sb in sth, his comments landed him in court — sus comentarios hicieron que acabara en los tribunales, sus comentarios hicieron que fuera a parar a los tribunales *

    to land sb in it *fastidiar or jorobar a algn pero bien *

    to land o.s. in trouble — meterse en problemas

    c) (=encumber)

    to land sb with sth/sb — endilgar algo/a algn a algn *, endosar algo/a algn a algn *

    I got landed with the jobme endilgaron or endosaron el trabajo *

    how did you land yourself with all these debts? — ¿cómo acabaste tan endeudado?

    4.
    CPD

    land agent Nadministrador(a) m / f de fincas

    land defences NPLdefensas fpl de tierra

    land forces NPLfuerzas fpl de tierra

    land management Nadministración f de fincas

    land reclamation Nreclamación f de tierras

    land reform Nreforma f agraria

    land register, land registry N(Brit) catastro m, registro m catastral, registro m de la propiedad inmobiliaria

    Land Rover ® N — (Aut) (vehículo m) todo terreno m

    land tax Ncontribución f territorial

    land use Nuso m de la tierra

    LAND OF HOPE AND GLORY
    Land of Hope and Glory es el título de una canción patriótica británica. Para muchos ciudadanos, sobre todo en Inglaterra, es un símbolo más del país, casi como el himno o la bandera nacional. Se suele entonar al final del congreso anual del Partido Conservador y en la última noche de los Proms, junto con otras conocidas canciones patrióticas.
    See:
    * * *
    [lænd]
    I
    1) u
    a) ( Geog) tierra f

    to know the lie o lay of the land — saber* qué terreno se pisa

    to see how the land liestantear el terreno

    to spy out the landreconocer* el terreno; (before n) <animal, defenses> de tierra, terrestre

    land forcesfuerzas fpl terrestres or de tierra

    b) (ground, property) tierra f

    a plot of land — un terreno, una parcela; (before n)

    land registryregistro m catastral, catastro m

    land reformreforma f agraria

    c) ( Agr)
    2) c (country, realm) (liter) país m, nación f; ( kingdom) reino m

    to be in the land of Nod — estar* dormido

    to be in the land of the living — (hum) estar* vivito y coleando (hum)


    II
    1.
    1)
    a) (Aerosp, Aviat) \<\<aircraft/spaceship/pilot\>\> aterrizar*; ( on the moon) alunizar*; ( on water) acuatizar*; ( on sea) amarizar*, amerizar*, amarar
    b) ( fall) caer*
    2) (arrive, end up) (colloq) ir* a parar (fam)
    3) ( Naut) \<\<ship\>\> atracar*; \<\<traveler/troops\>\> desembarcar*

    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( from sea) \<\<passengers/troops\>\> desembarcar*; \<\<cargo\>\> descargar*
    b) ( from air) \<\<plane\>\> hacer* aterrizar; \<\<troops\>\> desembarcar*; \<\<supplies\>\> descargar*
    2)
    a) ( in fishing) \<\<fish\>\> sacar* del agua
    b) (win, obtain) \<\<contract\>\> conseguir*; \<\<job/husband\>\> conseguir*, pescar* (fam)
    c) ( strike home) (colloq) \<\<punch\>\> asestar (fam)
    3) ( burden) (colloq)

    to land somebody WITH something/somebody, to land something/somebody ON somebody — endilgarle* or encajarle algo/a alguien a alguien (fam)

    4) ( cause to end up) (colloq)

    to land somebody IN something: that venture landed her in prison con aquel negocio fue a parar a la cárcel (fam); to land somebody/oneself in trouble — meter a alguien/meterse en problemas (fam)

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > land

  • 10 ship

    ʃip
    1. noun
    1) (a large boat: The ship sank and all the passengers and crew were drowned.) barco, buque, navío, embarcación
    2) (any of certain types of transport that fly: a spaceship.) nave

    2. verb
    (to send or transport by ship: The books were shipped to Australia.) enviar, mandar, transportar
    - shipper
    - shipping
    - ship-broker
    - shipbuilder
    - shipbuilding
    - shipowner
    - shipshape
    - shipwreck

    3. verb
    We were shipwrecked off the coast of Africa.) naufragar
    - ship water
    ship n barco / buque
    tr[ʃɪp]
    1 (gen) barco, buque nombre masculino, navío, embarcación nombre femenino
    2 familiar dated (aircraft, spacecraft) nave nombre femenino
    1 (send - gen) enviar, mandar; (- by ship) enviar por barco, mandar por barco, transportar (en barco); (carry) transportar
    2 (take on board) embarcar, traer a bordo
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    on board ship a bordo
    when one's ship comes home cuando lleguen las vacas gordas, cuando toque la lotería
    to abandon ship / jump ship abandonar el barco
    to ship oars levantar los remos
    to ship water hacer agua
    passenger ship buque nombre masculino de pasajeros
    ship ['ʃɪp] vt, shipped ; shipping
    1) load: embarcar (en un barco)
    2) send: transportar (en barco), enviar
    to ship by air: enviar por avión
    ship n
    1) : barco m, buque m
    n.
    aeronave s.f.
    bajel s.m.
    barco s.m.
    buque s.m.
    carena s.f.
    embarcación s.f.
    leño s.m.
    nao s.m.
    nave s.f.
    navío s.m.
    tripulación s.f.
    v.
    despachar v.
    embarcar v.
    enviar v.
    mandar v.
    remesar v.
    transportar v.

    I ʃɪp
    noun barco m, buque m, embarcación f (frml)

    a passenger shipun barco or un buque de pasajeros

    to run a tight shipser* muy eficiente


    II
    - pp- transitive verb
    a) ( send by sea) enviar* or mandar por barco
    b) ( send) enviar*, despachar
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [ʃɪp]
    1. N
    1) (=sea-going vessel) (gen) barco m ; (for carrying cargo) (also Mil) buque m, navío m

    Her or His Majesty's Ship Victory — el buque or navío Victory de la Marina Real Británica

    to abandon ship — abandonar el barco

    on board ship — a bordo

    by ship — en barco, por barco

    the good ship Beagle — el buque Beagle, el Beagle

    to jump ship — abandonar el barco, desertar

    to take ship for — embarcarse para

    2) (=aircraft, spacecraft) nave f
    2. VT
    1) (=transport) enviar, consignar

    to ship sth/sb in — traer algo/a algn

    to ship sth/sb off — (lit) enviar algo/a algn

    he shipped all his sons off to boarding school * — (fig) mandó a todos sus hijos a un internado

    to ship sth/sb out — enviar algo/a algn

    2) (Naut)

    we are shipping water — estamos haciendo agua, nos está entrando agua

    3) [+ oars] desarmar
    3.
    CPD

    ship broker Nagente mf marítimo(-a)

    ship canal Ncanal m de navegación

    ship chandler, ship's chandler Nproveedor m de efectos navales, abastecedor m de buques

    ship's doctor Nmédico m de a bordo

    ship's manifest Nmanifiesto m del buque

    ship-to-shore radio Nradio f de barco a costa

    * * *

    I [ʃɪp]
    noun barco m, buque m, embarcación f (frml)

    a passenger shipun barco or un buque de pasajeros

    to run a tight shipser* muy eficiente


    II
    - pp- transitive verb
    a) ( send by sea) enviar* or mandar por barco
    b) ( send) enviar*, despachar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > ship

  • 11 narrow

    {'nærou}
    I. 1. тесен
    the NARROW sea Ламаншът и Ирландското море
    2. тесен, ограничен
    NARROW circumstances/means оскъдни средства, бедност
    3. твърде малък, с малка разлика
    by a NARROW margin с малка разлика, едва
    NARROW majority малко мнозинство
    NARROW victory едва спечелена победа
    4. щателен, точен, подробен, строг
    NARROW search щателно/подробно претърсване
    5. тесногръд, прост, егоцентричен, свидлив
    6. фон. затворен (за гласна)
    II. n обик. рl тесен канал, пролом, теснина, клисура, пролив
    III. 1. стеснявам (се)
    2. ограничавам, правя тесногръд
    3. свивам (се), притварям (се) (за очи)
    * * *
    {'narou} I. a 1. тесен; the narrow sea Ламаншът и Ирландското море;(2) {'narou} v 1. стеснявам (се); 2. ограничавам; правя тесног
    * * *
    щателен; строг; стеснявам; точен; тесен; ограничавам; ограничен; затворен;
    * * *
    1. by a narrow margin с малка разлика, едва 2. i. тесен 3. ii. n обик. рl тесен канал, пролом, теснина, клисура, пролив 4. iii. стеснявам (се) 5. narrow circumstances/means оскъдни средства, бедност 6. narrow majority малко мнозинство 7. narrow search щателно/подробно претърсване 8. narrow victory едва спечелена победа 9. the narrow sea Ламаншът и Ирландското море 10. ограничавам, правя тесногръд 11. свивам (се), притварям (се) (за очи) 12. твърде малък, с малка разлика 13. тесен, ограничен 14. тесногръд, прост, егоцентричен, свидлив 15. фон. затворен (за гласна) 16. щателен, точен, подробен, строг
    * * *
    narrow[´nærou] I. adj 1. тесен;
    arrow gauge
    ( railway) теснолинейка; the
    arrow bed
    ( cell, house) гробът; the
    arrow Seas
    Ламанш и Ирландско море; by a
    arrow margin
    едва; the
    arrow way
    прен. трудният път на добродетелта; 2. едва, с мъка постигнат;
    arrow majority
    малко болшинство; to have a
    arrow escape
    едва се отървавам, избягвам с голям риск;
    arrow shave
    ( squeak) разг. едва избягната опасност; 3. щателен, точен, подробен; строг; 4. ограничен;
    arrow means
    ( circumstances) бедност, беднотия;
    arrow mind
    ( interests) ограничен ум (интереси); to take
    arrow views
    тесногръд съм; 5. слабо активен;
    arrow market
    слаб пазар; 6. диал. пестелив, стиснат, скъпернически; II. n тесен канал; пролом; проход; обикн. pl the N.s Проливите (Дарданели); III. v 1. стеснявам (се); 2. ограничавам; to
    arrow an argument down
    ограничавам в (стеснявам до) една или няколко основни точки; 3. ограничавам; стеснявам кръгозора на; правя тесногръд; 4. притварям (се) (за очи).

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > narrow

  • 12 sweep

    I [swiːp]
    1) (anche sweep out) scopata f., spazzata f.

    to give sth. a sweep — dare una scopata a qcs

    3) (of land, woods, hills) distesa f.; (of fabric) pezza f.
    4) (of events, history, country) estensione f.; (of opinion) ventaglio m., gamma f.; (of telescope, gun) portata f.
    5) (search) (on land) perlustrazione f., ricerca f.; (by air) sorvolo m.; (attack) bombardamento m. a tappeto; (to capture) rastrellamento m.

    to make a sweep of (search) (on land) esplorare, perlustrare; (by air) sorvolare; (to capture) rastrellare

    6) (anche chimney sweep) spazzacamino m.
    II 1. [swiːp]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)
    1) (clean) scopare, spazzare [floor, room]; pulire [ chimney]

    to sweep the crumbs off the tablespazzare o fare cadere le briciole giù dal tavolo

    to sweep sth. off the table — fare cadere qcs. dal tavolo (con un ampio gesto della mano)

    to sweep sb. off his, her feet — [ wave] fare cadere o fare perdere l'equilibrio a qcn.; fig. (romantically) fare perdere la testa a qcn.

    4) (spread through) [disease, crime, craze] dilagare in, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi in, divulgarsi in
    5) (search, survey) [beam, searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ person] scrutare; [vessel, submarine] scandagliare; [ police] rastrellare ( for alla ricerca di)

    to sweep sth. for mines — dragare qcs. alla ricerca di mine

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)
    1) (clean) spazzare, scopare

    to sweep in, out — (anche fig.) (quickly) entrare, uscire impetuosamente; (majestically) entrare, uscire maestosamente

    to sweep into — [ invaders] irrompere in, invadere [ region]

    to sweep (in)to powerpol. essere portato al potere (con una maggio ranza schiacciante)

    to sweep through — [disease, crime, craze, change] dilagare, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi, divulgarsi in

    to sweep over — [ searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ gaze] percorrere

    ••

    to sweep sth. under the carpet — BE o

    rugAE nascondere o insabbiare qcs

    * * *
    [swi:p] 1. past tense, past participle - swept; verb
    1) (to clean (a room etc) using a brush or broom: The room has been swept clean.) spazzare
    2) (to move as though with a brush: She swept the crumbs off the table with her hand; The wave swept him overboard; Don't get swept away by (= become over-enthusiastic about) the idea!; She swept aside my objections.) spazzare via
    3) (to move quickly over: The disease/craze is sweeping the country.) percorrere
    4) (to move swiftly or in a proud manner: High winds sweep across the desert; She swept into my room without knocking on the door.) diffondersi, dilagare; entrare/uscire
    2. noun
    1) (an act of sweeping, or process of being swept, with a brush etc: She gave the room a sweep.) spazzata
    2) (a sweeping movement: He indicated the damage with a sweep of his hand.) gesto
    3) (a person who cleans chimneys.) spazzacamino
    4) (a sweepstake.) lotteria
    - sweeping
    - sweeping-brush
    - at one/a sweep
    - sweep someone off his feet
    - sweep off his feet
    - sweep out
    - sweep the board
    - sweep under the carpet
    - sweep up
    * * *
    sweep /swi:p/
    n.
    1 (= sweep-up, sweep-out) spazzata; scopata: Give the house a thorough sweep, da' una bella spazzata alla casa!
    2 ampio gesto; movimento rapido; colpo ( con rotazione): with a sweep of his arm, con un ampio gesto del braccio; with a sweep of the oars, con un colpo di remi; con una remata; at one sweep, con un sol colpo
    3 [u] flusso; il fluire; lo scorrere: the sweep of the tide, il flusso della marea
    4 [u] (fig.) campo; ambito; portata
    5 distesa; tratto: a long sweep of meadows, una lunga distesa di prati; a sweep of mountain country, un tratto di terreno montagnoso
    6 ampia curva; viale d'accesso che fa un'ampia curva: The house is approached by a fine sweep ( o carriage sweep), un bel viale ad ampie curve dà accesso alla casa; The river makes a great sweep to the right, il fiume descrive un'ampia curva a destra
    7 pala, vela ( di mulino a vento)
    8 (naut.) dragaggio ( di mine); cavo di dragaggio; ( anche) remo sensile
    12 (= chimney-sweep) spazzacamino: as black as a sweep, nero come uno spazzacamino
    13 perlustrazione; ricerca ( di dispersi, ecc.)
    15 (mil., aeron.) penetrazione ( in territorio nemico); operazione su vasta scala; rastrellamento; bombardamento a tappeto
    16 [u] (elettron.) deflessione; deviazione; scansione ( della TV): horizontal sweep, scansione orizzontale
    17 (metall.) sagoma
    18 (fam.) vittoria completa; grande successo
    19 ( canottaggio) ritmo di voga; cadenza; palata
    22 ( cricket) tiro orizzontale ( all'altezza del terreno): reverse sweep, colpo (simile allo «sweep», ma eseguito con il rovescio della mazza)
    23 (fam.) ► sweepstake
    ● ( pesca) sweep net, rete a strascico □ sweep of one's eyes, occhiata (o sguardo) intorno; colpo d'occhio □ the sweep of a scythe, un colpo di falce; una falciata □ sweep-out (o sweep-up) = def. 1 ► sopra □ to make a clean sweep, far piazza pulita; fare un repulisti (fam.).
    ♦ (to) sweep /swi:p/
    (pass. e p. p. swept)
    A v. t.
    1 spazzare ( anche fig.); scopare; spazzare via, portare via; eliminare; distruggere; liberare; fare piazza pulita di (fam.): to sweep the floor, spazzare il pavimento; to sweep a room, spazzare una stanza; The upper deck was swept by a billow, il ponte superiore è stato spazzato da un maroso; The machine-guns swept the ground before the trenches, le mitragliatrici spazzavano il terreno davanti alle trincee; Dust storms swept the barren plain, tempeste di sabbia spazzavano l'arido piano; to sweep the seas of pirates, liberare il mare dai pirati; The Great Fire of 1666 swept the City, il Grande Incendio del 1666 distrusse la City
    2 scorrere (su); percorrere; scorrere (lett.); sfiorare; toccare leggermente; strisciare su: She swept her hand through her hair, si è passata la mano fra i capelli; His fingers swept the keyboard of the organ, le sue dita scorrevano sulla tastiera dell'organo; to sweep the strings of a guitar, sfiorare le corde d'una chitarra; Armed bands swept the countryside, bande armate scorrevano la campagna; Her skirt swept the floor, la gonna le strisciava sul pavimento
    3 (fig.) diffondersi, dilagare in: A new craze swept the country, una nuova moda dilagò nel paese
    4 sospingere; sballottare; trascinare
    5 spaziare su; scorrere con lo sguardo; scrutare: to sweep the horizon, scrutare l'orizzonte
    6 trascinare; portare via
    7 (mil.) battere, spazzare ( col tiro)
    8 ( anche naut.) scandagliare; dragare
    9 (fam.) vincere facilmente; stravincere: The Democrats swept the election, i Democratici vinsero le elezioni con un largo margine di voti
    B v. i.
    1 stendersi; estendersi; allargarsi: The shore sweeps to the south in a wide arc, la spiaggia descrive un ampio arco verso il sud; The plain sweeps away to the sea, la pianura si stende verso il mare
    2 incedere (o camminare) maestosamente; entrare (uscire, ecc.) con passo altero (o maestoso): The leading lady swept onto the stage, la primadonna è entrata in scena con passo maestoso
    ● (fig.) to sweep all before one, conseguire un successo travolgente □ (fig.) to sweep the board, vincere tutte le poste ( del gioco), far saltare il banco; (fig.) avere un grande successo, fare piazza pulita; trionfare □ to sweep sb. a bow, fare un inchino (o una riverenza) a q. to sweep the chimneys, sbrattare (o pulire) i camini □ (polit.) to sweep a constituency, conquistare un collegio elettorale con largo margine di voti □ (polit.: di un partito) to sweep the country, vincere le elezioni politiche □ (fig.) to sweep everything into one's net, fare piazza pulita; arraffare tutto □ to sweep one's hand over sb. 's hair, passare la mano sui capelli di q. to sweep a path, aprire un sentiero ( nella giungla, ecc.) □ (naut., mil.) to sweep the seas, battere i mari □ to sweep a space, fare spazio; sgombrare □ (naut.) swept way, rotta di sicurezza □ The road sweeps up the hill, la strada sale a larghe curve sino alla cima del colle □ (prov.) A new broom sweeps clean, scopa nuova spazza bene.
    * * *
    I [swiːp]
    1) (anche sweep out) scopata f., spazzata f.

    to give sth. a sweep — dare una scopata a qcs

    3) (of land, woods, hills) distesa f.; (of fabric) pezza f.
    4) (of events, history, country) estensione f.; (of opinion) ventaglio m., gamma f.; (of telescope, gun) portata f.
    5) (search) (on land) perlustrazione f., ricerca f.; (by air) sorvolo m.; (attack) bombardamento m. a tappeto; (to capture) rastrellamento m.

    to make a sweep of (search) (on land) esplorare, perlustrare; (by air) sorvolare; (to capture) rastrellare

    6) (anche chimney sweep) spazzacamino m.
    II 1. [swiːp]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)
    1) (clean) scopare, spazzare [floor, room]; pulire [ chimney]

    to sweep the crumbs off the tablespazzare o fare cadere le briciole giù dal tavolo

    to sweep sth. off the table — fare cadere qcs. dal tavolo (con un ampio gesto della mano)

    to sweep sb. off his, her feet — [ wave] fare cadere o fare perdere l'equilibrio a qcn.; fig. (romantically) fare perdere la testa a qcn.

    4) (spread through) [disease, crime, craze] dilagare in, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi in, divulgarsi in
    5) (search, survey) [beam, searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ person] scrutare; [vessel, submarine] scandagliare; [ police] rastrellare ( for alla ricerca di)

    to sweep sth. for mines — dragare qcs. alla ricerca di mine

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)
    1) (clean) spazzare, scopare

    to sweep in, out — (anche fig.) (quickly) entrare, uscire impetuosamente; (majestically) entrare, uscire maestosamente

    to sweep into — [ invaders] irrompere in, invadere [ region]

    to sweep (in)to powerpol. essere portato al potere (con una maggio ranza schiacciante)

    to sweep through — [disease, crime, craze, change] dilagare, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi, divulgarsi in

    to sweep over — [ searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ gaze] percorrere

    ••

    to sweep sth. under the carpet — BE o

    rugAE nascondere o insabbiare qcs

    English-Italian dictionary > sweep

  • 13 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 14 secure

    sɪˈkjuə
    1. прил.
    1) а) уст. уверенный, самонадеянный б) уверенный (of - в чем-л.) Syn: confident
    2) а) тихий, спокойный б) обыкн. предик. сохранный, в надежном месте
    3) а) безопасный, надежный secure from/against attackзащищенный от нападения б) прочный, верный;
    заслуживающий доверия secure investment secure foundation Syn: trustworthy, dependable в) фин. застрахованный
    4) гарантированный, точный, безоговорочный a secure victory ≈ безоговорочная победа Syn: assured, certain
    1.
    2. гл.
    1) а) охранять;
    защищать;
    оберегать( от чего-л.) to secure one's life ≈ защищать чью-л. жизнь Syn: guard
    2., protect б) воен. обеспечивать безопасность;
    укреплять (город и т. п.)
    2) а) гарантировать, обеспечивать б) фин. страховать в) в пасс. форме быть уверенным( в чем-л.) He was secured in the existence of soul. ≈ Он был уверен в том, что душа существует.
    3) а) закреплять, прикреплять;
    запирать;
    заграждать б) мед. перевязывать, перетягивать, стягивать to secure a vein хир. ≈ перевязывать вену Syn: tie
    4) редк. заключать в тюрьму, брать под стражу, лишать свободы Syn: imprison
    5) а) завладевать, овладевать to secure the sympathy of smb. ≈ снискать чью-л. благосклонность, чьи-л. симпатии б) добиваться;
    достигать( цели) ;
    получать спокойный, не знающий тревог;
    безмятежный - a peaceful and * old age тихая и безмятежная старость - to feel * about /as to/ the future не тревожиться о будущем - I have my mind * у меня спокойно на душе уверенный, убежденный( в чем-л.) - * of success уверенный в успехе - to be * of smb.'s affection быть уверенным в чьих-л. чувствах твердый, несомненный;
    непоколебимый;
    стойкий - * belief in smth. непоколебимая вера во что-л. - * hope of salvation твердая надежда на спасение - our victory is * наша победа несомненна (обыкн. from) безопасный, надежно защищенный - * investments надежное помещение капитала - * retreat надежное убежище - a port * from every wind порт, укрытый от всех ветров - to make a country * обеспечить безопасность страны - * from /against/ all enemies надежно защищенный от всех врагов - to be * from danger быть вне опасности - now we can feel * теперь мы можем чувствовать себя в безопасности - here we are * from interruption здесь нам никто не помешает (военное) обеспеченный - * from invasion обеспеченный против вторжения надежный, прочный - * lock надежный замок - * foothold прочная /надежная/ опора - is this ladder *? эта лестница прочная /не сломается/? - the building was *, even in an earthquake дом уцелел даже во время землетрясения надежно укрепленный, скрепленный и т. п. - to make a plank * укрепить /закрепить/ доску - to make the boat * отшвартовать лодку - to make sure that the carriage door is * удостовериться, что дверь вагона заперта находящийся под надежной охраной или в сохранном месте - we have got him * он не может сбежать - are you sure it is *? вы уверены, что это находится в надежном /безопасном/ месте? свободный от сомнений;
    уверенно ожидающий - to be * of a welcome не сомневаться в радушном приеме обеспечивать безопасность, надежно защищать, охранять - to * a town against assault надежно защищать город от нападения (военное) обеспечивать, прикрывать - to * a gap ликвидировать прорыв( спортивное) страховать защищать, обносить стеной, укреплять - a city *d by fortifications укрепленный город - to * a town укреплять город, обносить город стеной укреплять - his last novel *d his reputation его последний роман упрочил его славу гарантировать (что-л.) - to * the liberty of smb. гарантировать кому-л. свободу - to * a retreat обеспечить (себе) отступление - to * a place сохранять за собой место - how can I * myself against consequences? как мне уберечься /оградить себя/ от последствий? - to * smb. from /against/ smth. гарантировать кому-л. безопасность от чего-л. закреплять, скреплять;
    прикреплять - to * a buckle застегнуть пряжку - to * a boat (морское) убирать и крепить шлюпку - to * the anchor for sea убирать якорь по-походному - to * all movable objects закрепить все, что может двигаться( во время качки) запирать, замыкать( дверь, окно) - to * watertight doors( морское) задраивать водонепроницаемые двери запирать и опечатывать (помещение) ;
    перекрывать проход и т. п. получать, приобретать, доставать - to * an order получать заказ - to * a crop собирать урожай - to * a seat at the theatre достать /раздобыть/ билет в театр - to * a good bargain заключить удачную сделку - to * smth. for smb. доставать что-л. для кого-л. - to * an actor for a part найти актера на какую-л. роль добиваться (чего-л.), достигать (какой-л. цели) - to * a treaty добиться заключения договора - to * one's ends добиться своей цели - to * a high government position добиться назначения на высокий пост в правительство( военное) захватывать - to * the line захватить рубеж (юридическое) обеспечивать долг - to * a debt by mortgage брать в долг под закладную предоставлять обеспечение( за кого-л.) - to * a creditor предоставить обеспечение кредитору обеспечивать чье-л. право наследования - to * one's son закрепить за сыном право наследования своего имущества брать под стражу, держать под стражей;
    заключать в тюрьму - the prisoner was at once *d арестованного сейчас же взяли под стражу связывать( кого-л.) - to * a prisoner связать арестованного, одеть на арестованного наручники( редкое) держать, хранить в надежном месте (ценности и т. п.) > to * a vein (медицина) перевязать вену > to * a hold не менять захвата (борьба) the boards of the bridge do not look ~ доски моста не производят впечатления надежных ~ спокойный;
    to feel secure about (или as to) the future не беспокоиться о будущем;
    to live a secure life жить, ни о чем не заботясь ~ a (обыкн. predic) сохранный, в надежном месте;
    I have got him secure он не убежит ~ спокойный;
    to feel secure about (или as to) the future не беспокоиться о будущем;
    to live a secure life жить, ни о чем не заботясь loan secured on landed property заем, обеспеченный недвижимостью secure безопасный, надежный;
    secure hidingplace надежное укрытие;
    secure from (или against) attack защищенный от нападения ~ брать под стражу ~ гарантированный, застрахованный ~ гарантированный ~ гарантировать ~ добиваться;
    достигать (цели) ;
    to secure one's object достичь цели;
    to secure a victory одержать победу ~ доставать, получать;
    to secure tickets for a play получить( или достать) билеты на спектакль ~ закреплять, прикреплять;
    запирать;
    заграждать;
    to secure a vein хир. перевязывать вену;
    to secure a mast укрепить мачту ~ застрахованный ~ надежно защищать ~ обеспеченный ~ обеспечивать ~ обеспечивать безопасность;
    укреплять (город и т. п.) ~ обеспечивать безопасность ~ обеспечивать долг ~ овладевать, завладевать ~ охранять;
    гарантировать, обеспечивать, страховать;
    to secure oneself against all risks застраховать себя от всяких случайностей ~ предоставлять обеспечение, обеспечивать, гарантировать ~ предоставлять обеспечение ~ прочный, надежный;
    верный;
    secure investment верное помещение капитала ~ a (обыкн. predic) сохранный, в надежном месте;
    I have got him secure он не убежит ~ спокойный;
    to feel secure about (или as to) the future не беспокоиться о будущем;
    to live a secure life жить, ни о чем не заботясь ~ уверенный (of - в чем-л.) ;
    secure of success уверенный в успехе ~ закреплять, прикреплять;
    запирать;
    заграждать;
    to secure a vein хир. перевязывать вену;
    to secure a mast укрепить мачту ~ закреплять, прикреплять;
    запирать;
    заграждать;
    to secure a vein хир. перевязывать вену;
    to secure a mast укрепить мачту ~ добиваться;
    достигать (цели) ;
    to secure one's object достичь цели;
    to secure a victory одержать победу ~ foundation незыблемая основа;
    secure stronghold неприступная твердыня secure безопасный, надежный;
    secure hidingplace надежное укрытие;
    secure from (или against) attack защищенный от нападения secure безопасный, надежный;
    secure hidingplace надежное укрытие;
    secure from (или against) attack защищенный от нападения ~ прочный, надежный;
    верный;
    secure investment верное помещение капитала ~ уверенный (of - в чем-л.) ;
    secure of success уверенный в успехе ~ добиваться;
    достигать (цели) ;
    to secure one's object достичь цели;
    to secure a victory одержать победу ~ охранять;
    гарантировать, обеспечивать, страховать;
    to secure oneself against all risks застраховать себя от всяких случайностей ~ foundation незыблемая основа;
    secure stronghold неприступная твердыня ~ доставать, получать;
    to secure tickets for a play получить (или достать) билеты на спектакль

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > secure

  • 15 land

    1. noun
    1) no pl., no indef. art. (solid part of the earth) Land, das

    by landauf dem Landweg

    on land — zu Lande; (not in air) auf dem Boden; (not in or on water) an Land

    2) no indef. art. (expanse of country) Land, das

    see how the land lies(fig.) herausfinden, wie die Dinge liegen; see also academic.ru/42780/lie">lie II 1. 1)

    3) no pl., no indef. art. (ground for farming or building, property) Land, das

    live off the land — sich von dem ernähren, was das Land hergibt

    4) (country) Land, das

    the greatest in the land — der/die Größte im ganzen Land

    2. transitive verb
    1) (set ashore) [an]landen [Truppen, Passagiere, Waren, Fang]
    2) (Aeronaut.) landen [[Wasser]flugzeug]
    3) (bring into a situation)

    land oneself in trouble — sich in Schwierigkeiten bringen; sich (Dat.) Ärger einhandeln (ugs.)

    land somebody in [the thick of] it — jemanden [ganz schön] reinreiten (salopp)

    4) (deal) landen [Schlag]
    5) (burden)

    land somebody with something, land something on somebody — jemandem etwas aufhalsen (ugs.)

    be landed with somebody/something — jemanden auf dem Hals haben (ugs.) /etwas aufgehalst bekommen (ugs.)

    6)

    land a fisheinen Fisch an Land ziehen

    7) (fig.): (succeed in obtaining) an Land ziehen (ugs.)
    3. intransitive verb
    1) [Boot usw.:] anlegen, landen; [Passagier:] aussteigen ( from aus)
    2) (Aeronaut.) landen; (on water) [auf dem Wasser] aufsetzen

    be about to land — zur Landung angesetzt haben; gerade landen

    3) (alight) landen; [Ball:] aufkommen

    land on one's feetauf den Füßen landen; (fig.) [wieder] auf die Füße fallen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [lænd] 1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) das Land
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) das Land
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) das Land
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) das Land
    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) landen
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) landen
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospital/trouble!) in Schwierigkeiten etc. bringen

    [-rouvə]

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.) der Landrover

    - landing
    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies
    * * *
    [lænd]
    I. n
    1. no pl (not water) Land nt
    to have dry \land under one's feet festen Boden unter den Füßen haben
    to sight \land Land sichten
    to travel by \land auf dem Landweg reisen
    on \land an Land
    2. no pl also AGR (ground) Land nt; (soil) Boden m
    building \land Bauland nt
    agricultural [or arable] [or farm] \land Ackerland nt, landwirtschaftliche Nutzfläche[n] f[pl] fachspr
    piece/plot of \land (for building) Grundstück nt; (for farming) Stück nt Land
    waste \land Brachland nt, Ödland nt fachspr
    to live off the \land von selbsterwirtschafteten Produkten leben
    to work [on] [or to farm] the \land Ackerbau treiben
    3. no pl (countryside)
    the \land das Land
    to move back to the \land zurück aufs Land ziehen
    4. (particular area of ground) Grundstück nt
    \lands pl (real estate) Grundbesitz m; (extensive estates) Ländereien pl
    get off my \land! verschwinden Sie von meinem Grundstück!
    building \land Baugründstück nt
    private \land Privatbesitz m
    state \land[s] AM staatlicher Grundbesitz
    5. (country, region) Land nt; ( fig: world) Welt f
    to live in a fantasy \land in einer Fantasiewelt leben
    the L\land of the Midnight Sun das Land der Mitternachtssonne
    the L\land of the Rising Sun das Land der aufgehenden Sonne
    6. AM ( euph: Lord)
    for \land's sake um Gottes Willen
    7. TECH (in a gun) Feld nt fachspr
    8.
    to be in the \land of the living ( hum) unter den Lebenden sein [o geh weilen] hum
    the \land of [or flowing with] milk and honey das Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt
    to be in the L\land of Nod BRIT ( dated) im Land der Träume sein
    to see [or find out] how the \land lies die Lage sondieren [o peilen
    II. n modifier
    1. MIL (attack, manoeuvre) Boden-
    2. also AGR (soil) (excavation) Boden-
    3. (real estate) (law, price, purchase) Grundstücks-
    \land agent BRIT Grundstücksmakler(in) m(f)
    \land property Grundbesitz m
    \land registry Grundbuchamt nt
    4. (not water) (crab, wind) Land-
    III. vi
    1. AVIAT, AEROSP landen
    to \land on the moon auf dem Mond landen
    to come in to \land zur Landung ansetzen
    2. NAUT vessel anlegen, anlanden; people an Land gehen
    to \land in/on sth in/auf etw dat landen
    the bird escaped from the cat and \landed safely on the garden fence der Vogel entkam der Katze und landete sicher auf dem Gartenzaun
    the plates \landed on the ground with a loud crash die Teller landeten mit einem lauten Knall auf dem Boden
    to \land on one's feet auf den Füßen landen; ( fig) [wieder] auf die Füße fallen fig
    to \land on the floor [or ground] auf dem Boden landen
    to \land on a square (in games) auf einem Feld landen
    to \land outside sth außerhalb einer S. gen landen
    the ball \landed outside the line der Ball landete außerhalb der Linie
    4. (hit) blow, punch sitzen
    if his punch had \landed... wenn sein Schlag getroffen hätte...
    5. ( fam: end up, arrive) landen fam
    why do the difficult translations always \land on my desk? warum landen die schwierigen Übersetzungen immer auf meinem Tisch? fam
    this report \landed on my desk this morning dieser Bericht landete heute Morgen auf meinem Tisch fam
    IV. vt
    1. (bring onto land)
    to \land an aircraft [or a plane] ein Flugzeug landen
    to \land a boat ein Boot an Land ziehen
    to \land a fish einen Fisch an Land ziehen
    to \land a plane on water mit einem Flugzeug auf dem Wasser landen, ein Flugzeug wassern fachspr
    2. (unload)
    to \land sth etw an Land bringen
    to \land a cargo eine Ladung löschen
    to \land fish [at the port] Fisch anlanden
    to \land passengers Passagiere von Bord [gehen] lassen
    to \land troops Truppen anlanden
    3. ( fam: obtain)
    to \land sth contract, offer, job etw an Land ziehen fig fam
    to \land oneself a good job sich dat einen guten Job angeln fam
    4. ( fam: burden)
    to \land sb with sth jdm etw aufhalsen fam
    I've been \landed with the job of sorting out his mistakes ich habe es aufgehalst bekommen, seine Fehler auszubügeln fam
    to be \landed with sb jdn am Hals haben fam
    5. ( fam: place)
    to \land sb in sth jdn in etw akk bringen
    she was arrested and \landed in jail sie wurde verhaftet und ins Gefängnis gesteckt fam
    that could have \landed you in jail deswegen hättest du im Gefängnis landen können fam
    the demonstration \landed some of the protesters in jail einige Demonstranten wurden während der Kundgebung in Haft genommen
    you've really \landed me in it! da hast du mich aber ganz schön reingeritten! fam
    to \land sb in bankruptcy jdn Bankrott machen
    to \land sb in serious trouble jdn in ernsthafte Schwierigkeiten bringen
    6.
    to \land oneself/sb in hot [or deep] water sich selbst/jdn in große Schwierigkeiten bringen
    * * *
    [lnd]
    1. n
    1) (= not sea) Land nt

    as they approached landals sie sich dem Land näherten

    to see how the land lies (lit) — das Gelände erkunden or auskundschaften; (fig) die Lage sondieren or peilen

    until I've seen the lay or lie of the land (fig) for land's sake ( US inf ) —, inf ) um Himmels willen

    See:
    2) (= nation, region also fig) Land nt
    3) (as property) Grund und Boden m; (= estates) Ländereien pl

    she's bought a piece of landsie hat ein Stück Land or (for building) ein Grundstück gekauft

    4) (AGR) Land nt; (= soil) Boden m
    2. vt
    1) (NAUT) passengers absetzen, von Bord gehen lassen; troops landen; goods an Land bringen, löschen; fish at port anlanden; boat an Land ziehen

    he landed the boat on the beacher zog das Boot an den Strand

    2) (AVIAT) passengers absetzen, von Bord gehen lassen; troops landen; goods abladen

    to land a plane —

    3) fish on hook an Land ziehen
    4) (inf: obtain) kriegen (inf); contract sich (dat) verschaffen; prize (sich dat) holen (inf); job an Land ziehen (inf)

    she finally landed himsie hat sich (dat) ihn schließlich geangelt (inf)

    5) (Brit inf) blow landen (inf)

    he landed him one, he landed him a punch on the jaw — er versetzte ihm or landete bei ihm einen Kinnhaken

    6) (inf: place) bringen

    like that will land you in trouble/jail — bei einem solchen Betragen wirst du noch mal Ärger bekommen/im Gefängnis landen

    it landed me in a messdadurch bin ich in einen ganz schönen Schlamassel (inf) geraten or gekommen

    buying the house landed him in debtdurch den Kauf des Hauses verschuldete er sich

    being overdrawn could land you with big bank chargeswenn man sein Konto überzieht, kann einen das hohe Bankgebühren kosten

    7) (inf

    = lumber) to land sb with sth — jdm etw aufhalsen (inf) or andrehen

    I got landed with the jobman hat mir die Arbeit aufgehalst (inf)

    3. vi
    1) (from ship) an Land gehen
    2) (AVIAT) landen; (bird, insect) landen, sich setzen
    3) (= fall, be placed, strike) landen

    to land on one's feet (lit) — auf den Füßen landen; (fig) auf die Füße fallen

    * * *
    land [lænd]
    A s
    1. Land n (Ggs Meer, Wasser, Luft):
    by land zu Land(e), auf dem Landweg(e);
    by land and sea zu Wasser und zu Lande;
    a) die Lage peilen umg,
    b) sich einen Überblick verschaffen;
    make land SCHIFF
    a) Land sichten,
    b) das (Fest)Land erreichen
    2. Land n, Boden m
    3. Land n (Ggs Stadt):
    back to the land zurück aufs Land
    4. JUR
    a) Land-, Grundbesitz m, Grund m und Boden m
    b) pl Ländereien pl, Güter pl
    5. Land n, Staat m, Volk n, Nation f:
    Land of Enchantment US (Beiname für den Staat) New Mexico n;
    Land of Opportunity US (Beiname für den Staat) Arkansas n;
    6. WIRTSCH natürliche Reichtümer pl (eines Landes)
    7. fig Land n, Gebiet n, Reich n:
    the land of dreams das Reich oder Land der Träume;
    the land of the living das Diesseits; milk A 1, nod C 2
    8. Feld n (zwischen den Zügen des Gewehrlaufs)
    B v/i
    1. FLUG landen, SCHIFF auch anlegen
    2. oft land up landen, (an)kommen:
    land in a ditch in einem Graben landen;
    land up in prison im Gefängnis landen;
    land second SPORT an zweiter Stelle landen
    3. umg einen Schlag oder Treffer landen:
    a) bei jemandem einen Treffer landen,
    b) fig es jemandem geben umg
    C v/t
    1. Personen, Güter, ein Flugzeug landen:
    land goods Güter ausladen (SCHIFF auch löschen)
    2. einen Fisch etc an Land ziehen
    he was landed in the mud er landete im Schlamm
    4. jemanden bringen:
    land o.s. ( oder be landed) in trouble in Schwierigkeiten geraten oder kommen;
    land sb in trouble jemanden in Schwierigkeiten bringen
    5. land sb with sth, land sth onto sb umg jemandem etwas aufhalsen
    6. umg einen Schlag oder Treffer landen, anbringen:
    he landed him one er knallte ihm eine, er verpasste ihm eins oder ein Ding
    7. umg jemanden, etwas kriegen, erwischen:
    land a husband sich einen Mann angeln;
    land a prize sich einen Preis holen, einen Preis ergattern
    8. land sb sth umg jemandem etwas einbringen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) no pl., no indef. art. (solid part of the earth) Land, das

    on land — zu Lande; (not in air) auf dem Boden; (not in or on water) an Land

    2) no indef. art. (expanse of country) Land, das

    see how the land lies(fig.) herausfinden, wie die Dinge liegen; see also lie II 1. 1)

    3) no pl., no indef. art. (ground for farming or building, property) Land, das

    live off the land — sich von dem ernähren, was das Land hergibt

    4) (country) Land, das

    the greatest in the land — der/die Größte im ganzen Land

    2. transitive verb
    1) (set ashore) [an]landen [Truppen, Passagiere, Waren, Fang]
    2) (Aeronaut.) landen [[Wasser]flugzeug]

    land oneself in trouble — sich in Schwierigkeiten bringen; sich (Dat.) Ärger einhandeln (ugs.)

    land somebody in [the thick of] it — jemanden [ganz schön] reinreiten (salopp)

    4) (deal) landen [Schlag]

    land somebody with something, land something on somebody — jemandem etwas aufhalsen (ugs.)

    be landed with somebody/something — jemanden auf dem Hals haben (ugs.) /etwas aufgehalst bekommen (ugs.)

    6)
    7) (fig.): (succeed in obtaining) an Land ziehen (ugs.)
    3. intransitive verb
    1) [Boot usw.:] anlegen, landen; [Passagier:] aussteigen ( from aus)
    2) (Aeronaut.) landen; (on water) [auf dem Wasser] aufsetzen

    be about to land — zur Landung angesetzt haben; gerade landen

    3) (alight) landen; [Ball:] aufkommen

    land on one's feet — auf den Füßen landen; (fig.) [wieder] auf die Füße fallen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    landen adj. n.
    Boden ¨-- m.
    Bundesland n.
    Festland -¨er n.
    Land ¨-er n. v.
    landen v.

    English-german dictionary > land

  • 16 cruise

    I [kruːz]
    nome mar. crociera f.
    II 1. [kruːz]
    1)

    to cruise a sea, a river — [ ship] incrociare in un mare, su un fiume; [ tourist] viaggiare in nave in un mare, su un fiume

    2) [driver, taxi] percorrere [street, city]
    2.
    1) [liner, tourist] andare in crociera, fare una crociera (in in; on su; along lungo; around intorno a; into in, verso)
    2)

    to cruise at 10,000 metres, at 800 km/h — [ plane] volare a un'altitudine di crociera di 10.000 metri, alla velocità di crociera di 800 km/h

    3)

    to cruise at 80 km/h — [ car] andare alla velocità di crociera di 80 km/h

    4) colloq.

    to cruise to victory — [ team] ottenere con facilità la vittoria

    * * *
    [kru:z] 1. verb
    1) (to sail for pleasure: We're going cruising in the Mediterranean.) fare una crociera
    2) (to go at a steady, comfortable speed: The plane is cruising at an altitude of 10,000 metres.) andare a velocità di crociera
    2. noun
    (a voyage from place to place made for pleasure and relaxation: They went on a cruise.) crociera
    * * *
    I [kruːz]
    nome mar. crociera f.
    II 1. [kruːz]
    1)

    to cruise a sea, a river — [ ship] incrociare in un mare, su un fiume; [ tourist] viaggiare in nave in un mare, su un fiume

    2) [driver, taxi] percorrere [street, city]
    2.
    1) [liner, tourist] andare in crociera, fare una crociera (in in; on su; along lungo; around intorno a; into in, verso)
    2)

    to cruise at 10,000 metres, at 800 km/h — [ plane] volare a un'altitudine di crociera di 10.000 metri, alla velocità di crociera di 800 km/h

    3)

    to cruise at 80 km/h — [ car] andare alla velocità di crociera di 80 km/h

    4) colloq.

    to cruise to victory — [ team] ottenere con facilità la vittoria

    English-Italian dictionary > cruise

  • 17 land

    I 1. [lænd]
    1) (terrain, property) terra f., terreno m.; (very large) terre f.pl.

    the lieBE o

    layAE

    of the land — la configurazione del terreno; fig. lo stato delle cose, la situazione

    private, public land — proprietà privata, pubblica

    2) agr. (farmland) terra f.
    3) (countryside) terra f., campagna f.
    4) (country) terra f., paese m.
    5) (not sea) terra f., terraferma m.

    to reach o make land toccare terra; by land — per via di terra

    2.
    1) [ drainage] del terreno; [ worker] della terra, agricolo
    2) dir. [deal, tax] fondiario; [ law] agrario
    3) [battle, forces] di terra, terrestre; [ animal] terrestre
    ••
    II 1. [lænd]
    1) aer. [ pilot] fare atterrare [aircraft, spacecraft]; aer. mar. sbarcare, scaricare (a terra) [cargo, luggage]
    2) pesc. prendere, tirare a riva [ fish]
    3) colloq. fig. (secure) assicurarsi, riuscire a procurarsi [job, contract, prize]

    to land sb. with — affibbiare o rifilare a qcn. [ task]

    to be landed with sb., sth. — ritrovarsi con qcn., qcs. sulla groppa

    5) colloq. (deliver) mollare, appioppare [blow, punch]
    2.
    1) aer. [aircraft, passenger] atterrare
    2) mar. [ passenger] sbarcare; [ ship] approdare
    3) [sportsman, animal] atterrare; [ object] cadere; scherz. atterrare; [ ball] cadere, toccare terra
    3.

    to land oneself in — ritrovarsi in [ situation]

    to land oneself withcolloq. ritrovarsi con [task, problem]

    * * *
    [lænd] 1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) terra
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) paese, terra
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) terreno
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) terra, terreno
    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) atterrare, far atterrare
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) sbarcare; tirare a riva
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospital/trouble!) finire, ritrovarsi

    [-rouvə]

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.)

    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies
    * * *
    I 1. [lænd]
    1) (terrain, property) terra f., terreno m.; (very large) terre f.pl.

    the lieBE o

    layAE

    of the land — la configurazione del terreno; fig. lo stato delle cose, la situazione

    private, public land — proprietà privata, pubblica

    2) agr. (farmland) terra f.
    3) (countryside) terra f., campagna f.
    4) (country) terra f., paese m.
    5) (not sea) terra f., terraferma m.

    to reach o make land toccare terra; by land — per via di terra

    2.
    1) [ drainage] del terreno; [ worker] della terra, agricolo
    2) dir. [deal, tax] fondiario; [ law] agrario
    3) [battle, forces] di terra, terrestre; [ animal] terrestre
    ••
    II 1. [lænd]
    1) aer. [ pilot] fare atterrare [aircraft, spacecraft]; aer. mar. sbarcare, scaricare (a terra) [cargo, luggage]
    2) pesc. prendere, tirare a riva [ fish]
    3) colloq. fig. (secure) assicurarsi, riuscire a procurarsi [job, contract, prize]

    to land sb. with — affibbiare o rifilare a qcn. [ task]

    to be landed with sb., sth. — ritrovarsi con qcn., qcs. sulla groppa

    5) colloq. (deliver) mollare, appioppare [blow, punch]
    2.
    1) aer. [aircraft, passenger] atterrare
    2) mar. [ passenger] sbarcare; [ ship] approdare
    3) [sportsman, animal] atterrare; [ object] cadere; scherz. atterrare; [ ball] cadere, toccare terra
    3.

    to land oneself in — ritrovarsi in [ situation]

    to land oneself withcolloq. ritrovarsi con [task, problem]

    English-Italian dictionary > land

  • 18 ship

    A n navire m ; ( smaller) bateau m ; passenger ship paquebot m ; Her Majesty's ship (HMS) Victory le Victory (navire faisant partie de la flotte de guerre britannique) ; to travel by ship voyager par bateau ; to send sth by ship envoyer qch par bateau ; to take ship for India prendre le bateau pour l'Inde ; a ship of the line Hist un bâtiment de ligne ; the good ship Ivanhoe littér l'Ivanhoe.
    1 ( send) ( by sea) transporter [qch] par mer ; ( by air) transporter [qch] par avion ; ( overland) acheminer ;
    2 ( take on board) charger [cargo, supplies] ; rentrer [oars] ; to ship water embarquer de l'eau.
    we are like ships that pass in the night nous ne faisons que nous croiser ; the ship of state le char de l'État ; the ship of the desert ( camel) le vaisseau du désert ; to run a tight ship mener tout le monde à la baguette ; when my ship comes in quand j'aurai fait fortune.
    ship off:
    ship [sth/sb] off, ship off [sth/sb] expédier also hum.
    ship out:
    ship out US ( go to sea) embarquer ;
    ship [sth] out, ship out [sth] = ship off.
    ship over US s'engager dans la marine.

    Big English-French dictionary > ship

  • 19 land

    lænd 1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) land
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) land, rike
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) jord
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) land-/jordeiendom
    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) lande
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) gå i land, landsette
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospital/trouble!) ende, bringe

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.)

    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies
    grunn
    --------
    jord
    --------
    jordsmonn
    --------
    land
    --------
    lande
    --------
    nasjon
    I
    subst. \/lænd\/
    1) (i motsetning til hav, vann) land, fastland
    2) ( litterært) land, rike
    3) jord, dyrket mark
    4) terreng, distrikt, avgrenset område
    5) teig, jordteig
    6) ( mest i sammensetninger) -land, -område, -trakt
    7) ( jus) område, territorium
    8) ( overført) område, territorium, eiermerker
    9) (teknikk, skytevåpen) felt, flate mellom løpene
    10) ( skotsk) leiegård, bygning med mange boenheter
    back to the land tilbake til jorden
    find out\/see how the land lies finne ut \/ se hvor landet ligger
    land ho! ( sjøfart) land i sikte!
    land of milk and honey ( bibelsk) landet som flyter av melk og honning
    the land of the living jordelivet, de levendes land
    hun var i livet, hun tilhørte de levende
    lands ( jus) jordbesittelser, eiendom, eiendommer
    lay the land ( sjøfart) miste landkjenning, miste land av syne
    make land få landkjenning, få land i sikte
    on\/by land and sea til lands og til vanns, på land og til sjøs
    on land på land
    a piece of land jordstykke
    see how the land lies ( også overført) se hvor landet ligger, orientere seg
    tilled land dyrket jord\/mark, åker(jord)
    touch land nå land, lande
    II
    verb \/lænd\/
    1) landsette, sette i land, sette av
    2) gå i land, ilandstige (fra fartøy)
    3) ( fly) lande, ta bakken, komme ned, slå ned
    4) ( om fangst) dra i land, dra opp, fange
    5) (overført, hverdagslig) dra i land, vinne, fange, få tak i, dra av sted med
    6) ( overført) komme i land, komme vel i havn, få til noe
    7) havne
    8) la noen havne et sted, sørge for at noen kommer et sted
    9) ( hverdagslig) gi inn, dra til
    10) (hverdagslig, om slag) sende, treffe, gå inn
    11) belemre
    land a job få en jobb
    land an aeroplane gå ned med et fly, lande
    be landed with være belemret med
    land in the mud ( også overført) havne i gjørmen få store problemer
    land on one's feet komme ned på bena, lande på bena ( overført) lande på bena, klare seg
    land on somebody ( hverdagslig) krangle med noen, angripe noen (verbalt)
    land the prize få en pris, stikke av med en pris
    land up havne
    land up in havne i, ende opp i
    land up with ( hverdagslig) ende opp med, plutselig sitte der med

    English-Norwegian dictionary > land

  • 20 land

    [lænd] 1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) kopno
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) dežela
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) zemlja
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) zemljišče
    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) pristati
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) pristati, potegniti na obalo
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospital/trouble!) pristati

    [-rouvə]

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.)

    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies
    * * *
    I [lænd]
    noun
    kopno, zemlja; dežela; zemljišče, tla; posestvo; figuratively področje; plural nepremičnine; polje (del med dvema brazdama puškine cevi)
    the land of the living — tostranstvo, ta svet
    to go on the land — oditi v vas, postati kmetovalec
    nautical to make the land — zagledati kopno, pristati
    nautical land ho!kopno na vidiku!
    to see how the land lies — videti od kod veter piha, videti kakšno je stanje
    II [lænd]
    1.
    transitive verb
    (ljudi, robo) izkrcati (at v); izvleči (ribo); (potnike) pripeljati, odložiti; spraviti (koga v težave); colloquially udariti, usekati koga; colloquially ujeti, dobiti; sport pripeljati na cilj (konja), spraviti (žogo) v gol;
    2.
    intransitive verb
    pristati (ladja, avion), dospeti, izkrcati se; ujeti se (po skoku); sport colloquially priti v cilj
    to land s.o. in difficultiesspraviti koga v težave
    to land s.o. with s.th.obesiti komu kaj na vrat
    to land o.s. inali to be landed inzabresti v kaj
    to land a husband — ujeti, dobiti moža
    to land on s.o.navaliti na koga
    to land s.o. in a coat that doesn't fitspraviti koga v zadrego

    English-Slovenian dictionary > land

См. также в других словарях:

  • Victory at Sea — [Victory at Sea] a US television series in 26 parts first shown on ↑NBC (1952–3). It told the story of the battles fought at sea in the Pacific during ↑World War II, using real film. The music for the series was written by Richard Rodgers. The… …   Useful english dictionary

  • Victory at Sea — Infobox Television Film name = Victory at Sea caption = Victory at Sea title card format = War documentary director = producer = Henry Salomon writer = starring = Leonard Graves (Narrator) music = Richard Rodgers Robert Russell Bennett NBC… …   Wikipedia

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  • Victory at Sea (game) — This article is about the wargame Victory at Sea created by Mongoose Publishing. For the 1952 documentary from which it takes its name, see Victory at Sea . Victory at Sea (abbreviated to VAS ) is a set of World War II naval wargaming rules… …   Wikipedia

  • Victory at Sea — a US television series in 26 parts first shown on NBC (1952–3). It told the story of the battles fought at sea in the Pacific during World War II, using real film. The music for the series was written by Richard Rodgers. The series was later… …   Universalium

  • Victory disease — afflicts military commanders and armies who, after victories, become weak and susceptible to defeat [http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume1/september 2003/9 03 5.html] .ignsThe signs are: * arrogance, * overconfidence, * , * use… …   Wikipedia

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